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plump amateur , cochrane library, fresno, fat girls porn , kidneys, midwifery, fat ass white girls , golden plump , fat girls pictures , plump latina , fat black girls , bbw plump , protein calorie malnutrition, plump humpers , heart, hellp syndrome, fatty acid chain , cardio seal, pleasantly plump , hepatitis b, picu, | Cholestasis and biliary obstruction are evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, 5'-nucleotidase or gamma glutamyl transpeptidase levels1 (Figure 1). In normal pregnancies, alkaline phosphatase levels may be elevated three- to fourfold, secondary to placental alkaline phosphatase levels.2-5 Elevations of ALT occurring during pregnancy can be evaluated using a diagnostic algorithm (Figure 2). Elevated ALT is frequently the result of viral hepatitis, which can be easily diagnosed using serologic tests. Other possible etiologies lactation of mild or moderate elevations of ALT lactation are drug-induced hepatotoxicity, hyperemesis gravidarum, cholelithiasis, HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) syndrome or acute lactation fatty liver of pregnancy. Alanine Aminotransferase Elevation During Pregnancy FIGURE 2. |
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The liver serves multiple functions: the biotransformation of insoluble compounds (e.g., drugs, protein calorie malnutrition toxins, bilirubin), the metabolism and excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin, the production of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin, protein calorie malnutrition coagulation protein calorie malnutrition factors, alpha- and beta-globulins, transferrin, haptoglobin), and the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Cholestasis During Pregnancy FIGURE 1. Evaluation of cholestasis during pregnancy. (RUQ=right upper quadrant) No single liver function test is available to quantify liver disease. The designation "liver function tests" describes a panel of laboratory tests profiling discrete aspects of liver function.1 Liver cell injury or necrosis is measured by determining aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, while liver synthetic function (depressed in cirrhosis or severe acute liver disease) is quantified by determining albumin level and prothrombin time. |
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